It is not just about dispensing justice. Honor is also justice. There is also the matter of representation. They will also be able to listen in. There is also the issue of due process. Also a correction of the injustices of history. Justice asks who gets what, why, how to make decisions, how to make rules and bear the burden of rules. 42.1 Justice: From the Individual to the Institution A person can act justly or unjustly. also laws and institutions. In modern societies, education, health, property, police, courts, elections, labour market and family norms shape life opportunities. For this reason, justice is not only a personal virtue but also a criterion of social structure. 42.2 Distributive justice Distributive justice asks for fair sharing of resources, opportunities, burdens and benefits. Equal sharing, need-based sharing, merit and contribution, and free exchange all present different theories. No single theory is sufficient in every field. According to emergency medicine requirements and award achievements, civil rights can equally demand different things. 42.3 Rawls and fairness Rawls 's hypothesized origins provide a means to think objectively, removing information about the person 's social identity, wealth, race, gender, and talents. Its strength is that a person chooses rules when he does not know where he will be born in society. Parallel philosophy finds this fiction useful, but at the same time asks how much of the real injustices of history can be understood only through imaginary fairness. 42.4 Recognition and representation and voice Who sits at the table to decide what is right? If the principle of justice is built without the voice of the victim, then the fairness of the principle must be re-examined. Representation is more than just numbers; it requires effective participation, language access, information, and real influence on decisions. 42.5 Procedural justice Correct results are not enough if the process is opaque, biased or abusive. Hearing, reasoned judgment, appeals, common law, and conflict-of- interest disclosures are all part of procedural justice. Public hearings are an important form of civic respect from the courthouse to the school. 42.6 Correctional and Historical Justice The injustices of the past can survive by becoming the structures of the present. The effects of history can be passed down through generations, from land-grabbing to slavery to caste-abuse to education and women 's property. Corrective justice is seeking institutional answers by identifying the historical sources of existing inequality, not retribution. Pūrvapakṣa (Prima Facie View): Justice is only applying the same rules Uttarapakṣa (Response): Uniform rules are necessary, but if the initial conditions are structurally unequal, uniformity of rules can secure long-standing unfairness in the outcome. 42.12 The desert and the question of eligibility People often say that a worthy person will receive his fruits. But what is merit based on: effort, contribution, necessity, sacrifice, or discipline? This criterion gives a different result. It is hard to complete the same distributions all at once. Measuring effort is difficult because opportunities and abilities are different. Contributions do not equate to market value; care workers are paid less than is necessary for society. The emphasis on necessity begs the question of incentive. Justice is not a blind application of a principle. Criteria should be clear by region: achievement in awards, need in health care, and equal status in civil rights. The reason why the category changes is also different. 42.13 The criminal justice Punishment of crimes may aim for retribution, deterrence, reform, social security or victim recognition. A tool does not serve all purposes in the same way. While harsher penalties are popular, they can be ineffective in reducing crime. The appropriate penalty should be proportional to the fault and the harm caused, in terms of intent and procedure. Reducing the risk to the innocent is the paramount prerequisite because wrongful convictions cannot be reversed. Poor legal aid to the poor can make similar laws unequal. A guilty person does not lose his or her dignity. Rehabilitation, education and the possibility of returning to society can be a means of preventing future harm, not of undermining justice. 42.14 Restorative Justice Restorative perspectives view crime not only as a violation of the law but as a loss to the individual and the relationship. The needs of the victim, the responsibility of the offender and community improvement are brought into the dialogue. It is not appropriate for every crime. Reconciliation pressure on victims of power imbalances or violence can cause other harm. Participation must be voluntary, security strong and legal rights protected. Success requires more than just forgiveness; it requires acceptance of the truth, resilience, behavioral improvement, and a plan to prevent relapse. Punitive and restorative means may be combined depending on the context. 42.15 Preface: Justice is a perfectly fair rule One opinion says the judge should have his eyes closed; bias will creep in by looking at a person 's history or identity. The norm of the uniform rule prevents arbitrary special behavior. But without context, the same rules can repeat the same reality. The implication of organised theft for profit and food theft by the hungry are different. Contextual bias does not exist if the criterion is universally and uniformly applicable. Impartiality does not mean impersonality; it means removing irrelevant identities and assuming relevant situations for obvious reasons. 42.7 What is the object of the distribution? Justice is not just a question of sharing the wealth. Rights, opportunities, dignity, time, security, education, health, and political voice are also distributed. The actual freedoms of two people with the same income may differ due to the burden of health care or social discrimination. The same indicator does not capture all losses. The policy will first decide what is morally relevant and then check distribution. The measurement choice itself is the evaluation. its reasons will be public. 42.8 Processes and Outcomes Fair processing increases the likelihood of a fair outcome, but structural impediments can recur if the process appears fair. On the other hand, arbitrary procedure may destroy the right to a desired outcome. Justice considers both to be a joint criterion. Selection, hearing, record and appeal are parts of procedural justice. The results showed burden-gain, affected groups, and long-term effects. The success of one side is not the only proof of justice. 42.9 Ignorance of the Rolls - Cover The decision-makers in the illusion of ignorance do not know their class, caste, talent, religion or social position. The aim is to reduce the bias for personal gain and choose principles that are acceptable regardless of one 's position. This is a test of fairness, not an actual meeting. Criticism asks whether individuals can think so differently from community relations and whether historical injustices are invisible in abstract choices. The parallel method adds the actual history of the victim with fairness. 42.10 Ability - Vision Not everyone can do the same thing when given the same amount of resources. Ability-vision asks what a person can really do and be. Health, social support, environment, and discrimination affect the power to convert resources into freedom. Who decides the list of abilities is a difficult question. A list of experts is not enough.The affected person needs a voice and a public argument. Lifestyle should not be imposed in the name of increasing capacity. 42.11 Generational Justice Today 's decisions leave future people with debt, environmental damage and institutional opportunities. The prospective individual may no longer consent, but his or her interests are not morally void. It is unfair to put the entire cost of current profits into the future. The decision is not impossible because of the uncertain future. Take precautions according to the potential serious harm, availability of alternatives, and irreversibility. Generational justice demands an honest accounting of the costs of not halting development. Chapter Conclusion Justice encompasses resources, rights and dignity, process and representation, and history. Parallel philosophies consider justice to be a combined test of dignity and public propriety. Chapter Bibliography John Rawls — A Theory of Justice. Amartya Sen — The Idea of Justice. Nancy Fraser — Scales of Justice. Iris Marion Young — Justice and the Politics of Difference. B. R. Ambedkar — Annihilation of Caste; States and Minorities. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — “Justice”; “Original Position”.