2500-200 BC
'Neolithic-Early Historic (2500-200 BC) Plant Use: The Archaeobotany of Ganga Plain, India.' Quaternary
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 44
Permanent link to this recordVIDEHA SOURCE REGISTER
Stable records for the research chronology
Each entry has a permanent fragment link for citation and verification. Page references identify the supplied research volume; public facsimile links will be added only when an approved digital edition is available.
Chronology source records
464 CE
Direct copper-plate evidence; current DHARMA digital edition available 464 CE Manadeva's dated Changu Narayan inscription in Nepal.
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Permanent link to this record464 CE
The securely dated record in the Kathmandu Valley begins with Mānadeva’s Changu Narayan pillar inscription, whose saṃvat 386 is conventionally converted to 464 CE.
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Permanent link to this record1019
Manuscripts and the 1019/20 Tīrabhukti colophon A manuscript colophon copied in Nepalese script and dated to Vikrama Saṃvat 1076, corresponding to 1019-20 CE if the era is correctly identified, states that the Rāmāyaṇa was copied in Tīrabhukti…
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Permanent link to this record1097
228 chronology in relation to Nepal, noted the traditional chronogram that converts to 18 July 1097 while also observing that the surviving inscription associated with Nānyadeva’s reign and his minister Śrīdhara is undated.
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Permanent link to this record1097 CE
The conventional foundation date for Nanyadeva's Karnata polity is around 1097 CE, but the emergence of a new regional dynasty should not be imagined as the instantaneous disappearance of Pāla institutions, local magnates, Brahman settlements,…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 234
Permanent link to this record1324
Oiniwar rule, Sultanate power, and political transition Reconstituted authority after 1324–25 The Oiniwar period should not be introduced as the automatic restoration of a sovereign Mithila kingdom immediately after the fall of the Karnatas.
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Permanent link to this record1411
But it does establish that Bhairavasiṃha could issue silver coinage in his own name and that his fifteenth regnal year coincided with Śaka 1411.
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Permanent link to this record1453
Image catalogued by Wikimedia Commons as an inscription of King Narsimha of the Oiniwar dynasty from Kandaha Sun Temple, Saharsa, with the date 1453.
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Permanent link to this record1453
The surviving image is catalogued with a date of 1453 and preserves royal inscriptional material in the regional script tradition.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 269
Permanent link to this record1512
1512: Dated manuscript horizon under Lakṣmīnātha in late Oiniwar Mithila.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 636
Permanent link to this record1513
627 1513: Bhagirathpur inscriptional horizon; important late- dynastic anchor.
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Permanent link to this record1580
1580 Akbar’s provincial reorganization establishes Bihar as a Mughal subah; Tirhut and Munger are treated within the new provincial hierarchy.
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Permanent link to this record1600
The often-repeated 1600 Śaka/1678 dating is not used as a secure origin date; it conflicts with the late- eighteenth-century Madhav Singh/branch-book horizon invoked by the same tradition and therefore requires primary corroboration.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 256
Permanent link to this record1760
Chakraborty, Kar, Ghosh, and Basu re-examined twenty-eight maps published between 1760 and 1960 and argued that the mapped channel positions instead show substantial oscillation, with the river often remaining in an east- central belt of the…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 536
Permanent link to this record1765
From dīwānī to Permanent Settlement: the changing revenue constitution, 1765-1800..........................................................................................332 Diagram 33.
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Permanent link to this record1770
The memory of the 1770 famine and later nineteenth-century scarcities also shaped colonial debates about revenue, relief, transport, and agricultural improvement.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 376
Permanent link to this record1775
1775–1807: Reign horizon of Madhav/Madho Singh of Darbhanga; consequently an alleged regnal order by him in 1760 is chronologically untenable without a different identification.
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Permanent link to this record1775
Regional dynastic chronology; c.1775 accession makes a purported '1760 order of Madhav Singh' internally impossible as stated.
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Permanent link to this record1789
The Bihar decennial settlement, 1789 Regulation I of 1793 looked backward to the decennial settlement rules issued for Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
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Permanent link to this record1793
328 Actual proprietors, zamindars, talukdars and chaudharīs Regulation VIII of 1793 stated that settlement was to be concluded with 'actual proprietors of the soil', whatever their denomination, including zamindars, talukdars and chaudharīs.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 338
Permanent link to this record1793
Bengal Regulation VIII of 1793 (Decennial Settlement), 1 May 1793.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 358
Permanent link to this record1793
Regulation XIX of 1793, revenue-free lands and registration/resumption rules.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 358
Permanent link to this record1793
The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 381
Permanent link to this record1793
This volume therefore distinguishes the 1793 principle of sale for arrears from the later technical chronology of the 'sunset' rule (Regulation I of 1793; Regulation XIV of 1793; Act XII of 1841; Act I of 1845).
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Permanent link to this record1800
7 April 1800: Darbhanga settlement-document horizon used in this book for the late-eighteenth/early-nineteenth-century restructuring of estate and Panji-linked elite claims.
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Permanent link to this record1800
Panji genealogy remained older than colonial rule, yet in this volume's source-controlled reconstruction hereditary Śrotriya sub-caste ranking belongs around c.1800.
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Permanent link to this record1800
The Panji-file interpretation of the Parallel History places that sub- caste formation around c.1800 rather than in the Karnata period.
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Permanent link to this record1800
The judgment records copies of Raja Madho Singh's 7 April 1800 application for Permanent Settlement of pargana Hati and associated documents.
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Permanent link to this record1800
This volume adds a further source-control rule: later caste classifications, including the hereditary Śrotriya hierarchy adopted around c.1800 in the Panji reconstruction used here, must not be projected backward to authenticate medieval…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 354
Permanent link to this record1815
2 December 1815: Treaty of Sugauli signed between the East India Company and Nepal.
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Permanent link to this record1815
The Anglo-Nepalese War and the Treaty of Sugauli The Treaty of Sugauli was signed on 2 December 1815 after the Anglo-Nepalese War.
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Permanent link to this record1816
4 March 1816: Nepalese treaty received and British counterpart delivered at Makwanpur; implementation horizon of Sugauli.
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Permanent link to this record1816
Sugauli was foundational, the December 1816 settlement revised its Tarai consequences, and the 1860 adjustment altered the western lowlands once more.
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Permanent link to this record1835
The wider policy frame: 1835, 1854, and the university system Macaulay's 1835 minute, the government's English-education policy, and Wood's Despatch of 1854 belong to the all-India institutional background rather than to Mithila alone.
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Permanent link to this record1854
The Mulukī Ain of 1854 and legal centralization The Mulukī Ain of 1854, formulated under Jang Bahadur Rana, was an ambitious national legal code covering state and court organization, criminal and private law, property, family relations, caste…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 435
Permanent link to this record1860
Court of Wards administration and educational reorganization, 1860-1879 Darbhanga Raj came under the Court of Wards from 1860 to 1879.
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Permanent link to this record1860
The 1860 settlement restored the western Tarai tracts conventionally identified with present Banke, Bardiya, Kailali and Kanchanpur, remembered in Nepal as the Naya Muluk or “new country.” The restoration confirms again that Nepal’s present…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 433
Permanent link to this record1860
“The Raj Darbhanga and the Court of Wards, 1860- 1879: Managerial Reorganization and Elite Education.” Indian Economic & Social History Review 19, nos.
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Permanent link to this record1873
24 December 1873 Bengal Embankment Act, 1873 enacted, formalizing colonial powers and procedures for embankment administration.
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Permanent link to this record1873
The Bengal Embankment Manual: Containing an Account of the Action of the Government in Dealing with Embankments and Water-courses since the Permanent Settlement; a Discussion of the Principles of the Act of 1873.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 401
Permanent link to this record1881
Grierson’s 1881–82 introduction to Maithili, with grammar, chrestomathy and vocabulary, was foundational in making the language legible to modern comparative philology.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_36_onward_Chapter43_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 337
Permanent link to this record1883
Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1883.
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Permanent link to this record1885
The statute should be read alongside the disputes that made such codification politically necessary and alongside settlement operations that later tried to identify who actually held which interest (Bengal Tenancy Act 1885).
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Permanent link to this record1896
340 Cadastral survey and the manufacture of a record-of-rights Survey and settlement operations in Darbhanga district between 1896 and 1903 mapped plots, classified tenures, recorded rents and identified persons recognized under colonial law.
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Permanent link to this record1896
Record-of-rights: description and intervention The Darbhanga survey and settlement operations of 1896- 1903 produced cadastral mapping and records-of-rights on a scale that made landholding, rents, tenures, and disputes unusually visible to…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 362
Permanent link to this record1901
Used for Brij Bihari Lal Mandal’s Mithilā Nāṭak, its 1901 Bhagalpur printing, chapbook materiality, caste location and later exclusion from canonical literary history.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_44_onward_Chapter51_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 776
Permanent link to this record1903
1903 Grierson publishes Linguistic Survey of India, vol.
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Permanent link to this record1903
Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1903.
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Permanent link to this record1906
206 urban context (Bloch 1906; Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol.
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Permanent link to this record1907
1907 Colonial correspondence records river-course change affecting a Nepal-British territorial boundary in the Patna Division.
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Permanent link to this record1908
Yang documents political meetings at the fair in the nineteenth century, the formation of the Bihar Provincial Congress Committee there in 1908, and Kisan Sabha organizing efforts in the early twentieth century.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_44_onward_Chapter51_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 837
Permanent link to this record1911
Earlier counts existed for narrower purposes, but the 1911 enumeration established a new nationwide administrative practice (National Statistics Office, Nepal).
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Permanent link to this record1911
The secure historical claim is the identification of the broader archaeological zone; the exact position of every ancient neighbourhood, gate, pond, or palace remains a more difficult question (Bengal Government 1911; Chakrabarti 2001).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 142
Permanent link to this record1913
Rameshur Singh, Calcutta High Court, 1 August 1913, Appeal from Original Decree No.
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Permanent link to this record1917
1917 Calcutta University recognizes Maithili within its Indian- vernacular higher-study framework and as an MA examination language.
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Permanent link to this record1917
It provided a new provincial framework for examining students, affiliating institutions, promoting research, and supervising colleges (Patna University Act 1917).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 408
Permanent link to this record1919
344 Peasant protest against Darbhanga Raj, 1919-20 Stephen Henningham's study of the 1919-20 movement led by Swami Vidyanand demonstrates that north Bihar's agrarian politics had a specifically local history.
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Permanent link to this record1921
1921 Rameshwar Singh submits a memorial seeking recognition of Mithila as a native state under his rule; Darbhanga also becomes an important Non-Cooperation arena.
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Permanent link to this record1923
Article I stated mutual recognition and respect for the internal and external independence of both contracting parties, making the wording an important diplomatic anchor (Treaty between the United Kingdom and Nepal, 1923).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 444
Permanent link to this record1924
The 1924 Darbhanga income-tax reference discussed hat, jalkar and ghatlagi in relation to the assets considered at settlement.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 353
Permanent link to this record1925
Monument and inscription status checked against Hultzsch 1925, Falk 2006, and Archaeological Survey of India, Patna Circle.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 176
Permanent link to this record1926
Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, 1926.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 359
Permanent link to this record1934
47.13 The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and an accidental colonial encounter
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_44_onward_Chapter51_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 474
Permanent link to this record1939
The Geological Survey of India's Memoir 73, published in 1939, remains a foundational scientific account, combining intensity observations, geology, ground effects, eyewitness reports, and damage to structures and infrastructure.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 396
Permanent link to this record1946
'Northern Polished Black Ware.' Ancient India 1 (1946): 55-58.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 60
Permanent link to this record1947
Indian independence and the remaking of border politics On 15 August 1947 the southern side of the frontier ceased to be British India.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 446
Permanent link to this record1947
What changed by the end of colonial rule By 1947 the region possessed denser transport networks, more formalized flood administration, wider cadastral coverage, and a much larger archive of engineering knowledge than it had in 1765.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 400
Permanent link to this record1949
Neither literary horizon arose from an intellectual vacuum: both belong to longer institutions, genres and performance networks already visible before and during the Karnata centuries (Mishra 1949; Choudhary 1976; Thakur, ‘Two Vidyapatis,’…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 240
Permanent link to this record1950
687 Treaty of Sugauli 12-13, 420, 423, 440, 621, 627 Vaisali Excavations 1950 124 Vaisali Excavations 1958-1962 124 Varnaratnakara 230, 242, 279, 287
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Permanent link to this record1950
Excavation history and the problem of samples The published excavations of 1950 and 1958-1962 remain foundational for Vaishali, but they belong to particular stages in South Asian archaeological practice.
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Permanent link to this record1950
Sources: Government of India and Government of Nepal, Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950); IOM, Baseline Study on Cross-border Migration (2023); IOM, Nepal Cross-border Mobility Survey (2023); National Statistics Office, Nepal, NPHC 2021…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 483
Permanent link to this record1951
18 February 1951: proclamation and interim government A royal proclamation of 18 February 1951 announced a new political order and a ministry combining Rana and Nepali Congress representation, while promising movement toward government based…
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Permanent link to this record1951
The state, monarchy, courts, army and revenue systems all predated 1951 and were reorganized rather than created from nothing.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 435
Permanent link to this record1954
The Bihar Bhoodan Yagna Act, 1954 The Bihar Bhoodan Yagna Act, 1954 gave the movement a statutory framework for receiving, administering, and distributing donated land.
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Permanent link to this record1960
December 1960 King Mahendra dismisses the elected government and dissolves parliament.
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Permanent link to this record1961
Re-excavation, geophysics, sediment analysis, and systematic landscape survey can refine the urban sequence without assuming that one campaign has recovered the whole city (Deva and Mishra 1961; Sinha and Roy 1969; Archaeological Survey of…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 128
Permanent link to this record1962
1962 Constitution of Nepal establishes the partyless Panchayat system.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 634
Permanent link to this record1962
Mishra explicitly recognized that the Buddhist and Jain versions disagree in important details, even though he himself tried to infer a period of difficult and protracted warfare behind them (Mishra 1962, pp.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 123
Permanent link to this record1962
Royal intervention and the 1962 Panchayat Constitution In December 1960 King Mahendra dismissed the elected government, dissolved parliament, and detained political leaders.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 462
Permanent link to this record1962
The historical value lies first in the density and recurrence of Vaishali as a remembered institutional setting; individual events and quantities require separate textual criticism and, where possible, archaeological or epigraphic control…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 154
Permanent link to this record1962
Used with those limits, the material helps recover dimensions of Vaishali that constitutional narratives obscure: skilled labour, education, festivals, fiscal claims, river crossings, and overland movement formed part of the social world in…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 125
Permanent link to this record1966
19 December 1966: India and Nepal sign the revised Kosi Agreement at Kathmandu, superseding the original treaty text while retaining the project framework.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 640
Permanent link to this record1969
Stratigraphy is indispensable because an imposing surviving rampart may combine centuries of construction and erosion (Archaeological Survey of India, Patna Circle; Sinha and Roy 1969).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 130
Permanent link to this record1970
Evidence categories summarized from Verma (1970-71; 2007), Vishnu- Mittre (1972), and related excavation literature.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 37
Permanent link to this record1970
The Archaeological Survey of India's Indian Archaeology 1970- 71 - A Review recorded that the 1970-71 season extended earlier trenches specifically to clarify the Neolithic deposits and confirmed a sequence of five cultural periods, with…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 33
Permanent link to this record1970
“Neolithic Settlement at Chirand.” Journal of the Bihar Research Society 56 (1970): 16–35.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_44_onward_Chapter51_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 436
Permanent link to this record1971
It is therefore safer to treat the eastern margin as a zone in which political, fiscal, and cultural affiliations could shift, rather than as a fixed line inherited from the Gupta period to the Pālas (Sircar 1971; Chapter 4).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 231
Permanent link to this record1972
It may instead represent a resilient household strategy in an environment where rainfall, channel movement, and seasonal wetlands made exclusive dependence on one resource risky (Vishnu-Mittre 1972).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 32
Permanent link to this record1973
29 Neolithic-Chalcolithic sequence reached back to roughly the later second millennium BCE in their conversion, but warned that samples below Layer 14 showed “mix-up,” perhaps from subsidence (Agrawal and Kusumgar 1973).
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Permanent link to this record1974
At Chirand the Neolithic designation is anchored in stratified material that includes bone and antler implements, stone tools, pottery, plant remains, and associated occupation evidence (Archaeological Survey of India 1974; Verma 1970-71;…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 34
Permanent link to this record1974
Prebish's review of the council literature remains useful precisely because it treats the sources comparatively and warns against making the Vaishali dispute identical with every later account of sectarian division (Prebish 1974).
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Permanent link to this record1974
The safest conclusion is narrower: the colophon records a ruler styled Gāṅgeyadeva in Tīrabhukti in the stated era; the wider dynastic identification remains a debated historical inference (Sinha 1974; Mirashi's Kalachuri studies; Banerji 1915).
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Permanent link to this record1975
Handicrafts records place her among early national award recipients for Mithila painting, and the Gazette of India records her Padma Shri in 1975 for 'Madhubani Paintings.' These awards demonstrate the movement of a
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 515
Permanent link to this record1976
Bihar Maithili Academy and state cultural policy The Bihar government established the Maithili Academy in 1976 for the development of Maithili language and culture; this date is also recorded in Patna High Court litigation concerning academy…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 490
Permanent link to this record1976
State-supported institution established in 1976 for promotion of Maithili language and culture.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 660
Permanent link to this record1977
In 1977-1978, the German feminist magazine EMMA and the New York feminist journal Heresies published material on Mithila women painters (Fleury 2026).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 521
Permanent link to this record1979
This is especially important for the opening date of the dynasty, the rebuilding of Simraongarh’s defences, and the final conquest horizon in the fourteenth century (Sinha 1979; Petech 1984; Salomon 1998).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 237
Permanent link to this record1982
It was the bureaucratic reconstruction of a great estate so that it could function more effectively within colonial law (Henningham 1982).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 350
Permanent link to this record1982
The safest approach is to follow named dedications, institutions and images rather than assign a single confessional identity to an entire reign (Slusser 1982; UNESCO, “Kathmandu Valley”).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 195
Permanent link to this record1983
It demonstrates collective organization and delegated responsibility, but membership, representation and decision procedures must be reconstructed inscription by inscription (Sharma 1983).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 203
Permanent link to this record1983
The safest conclusion is that corporate religious endowment has deep inscriptional roots in the Valley; the exact legal continuity of every later guthi form must be demonstrated rather than presumed (Sharma 1983).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 203
Permanent link to this record1983
“The Land System of the Licchavis in Nepal.” Kailash: A Journal of Himalayan Studies 10 (1983): 11–62.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 213
Permanent link to this record1985
Heesterman's work on Vedic ritual and kingship draws attention to these tensions and to the ways sacrificial institutions reorganized competition and authority (Heesterman 1985; 1993).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 86
Permanent link to this record1987
For Tirhut and the eastern districts, colonial rule therefore first appeared less as a sudden replacement of every local institution than as a new sovereign claimant attempting to make inherited rights calculable, enforceable and remittable…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 334
Permanent link to this record1989
183 uses 464 as an epigraphic threshold rather than an invented foundation date for settlement, kingship or culture in the Valley (Riccardi 1989; Slusser 1982; Whelpton 2005).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 193
Permanent link to this record1989
Its exact migration rates cannot be transferred to every district, but the broader lesson is decisive: rurality and mobility were not opposites (Yang 1989).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 374
Permanent link to this record1989
Rather than choosing between “true genealogy” and “mere propaganda,” a source-critical reading separates levels: near ancestors named in contemporary or near-contemporary texts are stronger historical data; remote origin stories are stronger…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 194
Permanent link to this record1989
“Language and Society in Nepal: Historical Perspective.” In Nepal: Perspectives on Continuity and Change, 1989.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 672
Permanent link to this record1990
After 1990, Madheshi organizations, Janajati movements, Dalit activism, women's organizations, and regional parties increasingly quantified exclusion.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 567
Permanent link to this record1990
Multiparty restoration in 1990 The 1990 people's movement ended the partyless Panchayat order and produced a constitutional monarchy with multiparty competition.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 463
Permanent link to this record1991
They demonstrate that the Rama story became a shared narrative resource through which communities debated ethics, kingship, renunciation, violence, kinship, and religious authority (Richman 1991).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 104
Permanent link to this record1994
55 same settlement opportunities or hazards (Sinha and Friend 1994).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 65
Permanent link to this record1995
That literary urban rank can be compared with, but not mechanically dated by, the archaeological evidence for fortification, wells, coins, craft goods, and dense occupation (Walshe 1995; Chakrabarti 2009).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 139
Permanent link to this record1996
When an argument turns on a distance, place-name, sectarian label, or descriptive adjective, historians should check the underlying edition or a modern critical translation rather than treating a Victorian English phrase as the original source…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 189
Permanent link to this record1997
Archaeology can sometimes recover monastic buildings or cult structures, but matching a named canonical grove to a surviving mound requires independent topographic and stratigraphic evidence (DN 16; Schopen 1997).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 158
Permanent link to this record1997
It can therefore demonstrate the historical capacities of developed monastic institutions and expose the inadequacy of a purely idealized lay-versus-monastic dichotomy, but it should not be used as proof that every fifth- century-BCE community…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 159
Permanent link to this record1998
Olivelle places the early Upanishads within a period of major social, economic, and religious change, while Heesterman interprets the internalization of sacrifice as part of a larger transformation in Vedic ritual thought (Olivelle 1998;…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 90
Permanent link to this record1998
The regional archive becomes more intelligible when administrative language is treated as a changing set of relationships among court, offices, local magnates, corporate bodies, and residents (Salomon 1998; Sircar 1966).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 217
Permanent link to this record2002
The distinction between epic time and historical time should therefore be maintained even when a narrative has shaped regional identity for centuries (Thapar 2002; Richman 1991).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 96
Permanent link to this record2003
Its very existence shows that colonial governance had come to recognize kamiauti as a legal and political problem, while Prakash's analysis shows the limits of imagining that statutory 'freedom' automatically transformed material dependence…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 369
Permanent link to this record2003
“On the Transition from Bengali to Maithili in the Nepalese Dramas of the 16th and 17th Centuries.” In Maithili Studies: Papers Presented at the Stockholm Conference on Maithili Language and Literature, 2003.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_44_onward_Chapter51_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 771
Permanent link to this record2004
Maithili's modern print canon was already substantial before 2004, while Angika poetry, prose, journalism, performance, and digital writing have developed without Eighth Schedule inclusion.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 498
Permanent link to this record2006
2006 Bihar Panchayati Raj Act establishes the contemporary three- tier framework with extensive reservations.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 634
Permanent link to this record2006
Bihar Panchayati Raj Act, 2006 and women in local office The Bihar Panchayati Raj Act, 2006 established the contemporary three-tier framework of Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 461
Permanent link to this record2006
The 2006 Citizenship Act and the documentary question The Nepal Citizenship Act, 2063 (2006) became the principal statutory framework for citizenship in the post-People's- Movement order.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 568
Permanent link to this record2006
The civil war, the 2006 movement, and the end of the old constitutional order The Maoist conflict from 1996 to 2006 and the 2006 People's Movement transformed the constitutional agenda.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 568
Permanent link to this record2006
This separation prevents the monument from becoming an umbrella date for an entire landscape (Falk 2006; Archaeological Survey of India, Patna Circle).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 175
Permanent link to this record2007
Patna: Directorate of Archaeology, Department of Youth, Art and Culture, Government of Bihar, 2007.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 44
Permanent link to this record2008
5261, submitted by the Department of Archaeology, Nepal, 30 January 2008.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 113
Permanent link to this record2008
The 2008 Ram Janaki Temple entry on UNESCO's Tentative List was submitted by Nepal's Department of Archaeology.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 106
Permanent link to this record2008
The same caution applies across the modern India-Nepal border: ancient movement through the north Gangetic and Tarai corridor preceded the international frontier, but modern national territory should not be projected backward as an ancient…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 132
Permanent link to this record2009
Ceramic chronology and political history must be correlated rather than collapsed (Chakrabarti 2009; Indian Archaeology 1971-72; 1982-83).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 143
Permanent link to this record2011
The 2011 Bihar C-16 tables are therefore essential evidence for official language statistics, but they do not yield a straightforward Bajjika total comparable to Nepal’s separate Bajjika count.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_36_onward_Chapter43_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 744
Permanent link to this record2011
Why Maithili and Angika cannot be compared by one number Maithili has a published scheduled-language total in Census 2011; Angika does not have an equivalent separately published India-wide C-16 row in that census.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 504
Permanent link to this record2012
The secure historical point is that gendered hierarchy became embedded in transmitted disciplinary literature, while the exact chronology and original form of the rules require comparative Vinaya analysis rather than quotation from one…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 155
Permanent link to this record2014
A charter issued in one reign should never be used to paint the same territorial control across the whole century (Sanyal 2014; Thapar 2002).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 230
Permanent link to this record2014
Historically, it establishes that the early Buddhist tradition remembered women's renunciation as an institutional question requiring rules and negotiation; it should not be simplified into either timeless equality or timeless exclusion (AN…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 155
Permanent link to this record2014
“The Bajjika Language and Speech Community.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2014, no.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_36_onward_Chapter43_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 782
Permanent link to this record2015
648 Constitution of Nepal, 2015; a contemporary institutional settlement rather than restoration of ancient regional borders.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 658
Permanent link to this record2015
State language-promotion institution approved/established in 2015 for Angika.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 660
Permanent link to this record2016
484 emphasized that attempts to establish fixed objective criteria had not produced a settled formula (Press Information Bureau 2016).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 494
Permanent link to this record2018
2018 amendment framework authorizing notification of Magahi, Bhojpuri, Maithili and Angika, among other languages, for specified areas and purposes; not a claim that all languages have identical statewide administrative use.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 660
Permanent link to this record2019
No instantaneous independent kingdom The strongest recent institutional study of Bihar's zamindars characterizes Darbhanga's rise as gradual: from an Akbar-era official position to increasingly extensive hereditary rights and, by the later…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 321
Permanent link to this record2019
“MHRD Takes Immediate Steps to Implement Recommendations of Committee for the Promotion and Protection of Maithili Language and Its Scripts.” Press Information Bureau, 11 February 2019.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_36_onward_Chapter43_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 529
Permanent link to this record2020
625 Date/period Event or process Evidence status Jan / Mar 2020 Biratnagar Integrated Check Post inaugurated in January; COVID-19 land-border passenger restrictions follow in March.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 635
Permanent link to this record2020
The wording is significant because it is not restricted to languages already in the Eighth Schedule (NEP 2020, para.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 497
Permanent link to this record2021
Madhesh as a region of internal and international mobility Nepal's 2021 migration reports show that Madhesh participates simultaneously in internal out-migration, cross- border family formation, and foreign-employment migration.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 473
Permanent link to this record2021
National Population and Housing Census 2021: Language in Nepal.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_36_onward_Chapter43_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 779
Permanent link to this record2021
The National Statistics Office reports that most foreign-born residents were born in India and interprets the strong female predominance among India-born residents as substantially connected to Nepali men marrying Indian women (National…
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 470
Permanent link to this record2022
2 becomes Madhesh Province On 17 January 2022 the provincial assembly adopted 'Madhesh' as the province's name by the constitutionally required two-thirds majority and designated Janakpurdham as the permanent capital.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 580
Permanent link to this record2023
'Flood Frequency and Flood Intensity Changes in the Post Embankment Period in the Kosi Sub-basin India: Impact of Location, Caste, and Class on the Flood Vulnerability of the Marginal Communities.' Frontiers in Water 5 (2023): 1017945.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 563
Permanent link to this record2023
Its significance lies not only in literary publication but in the creation of a forum in which region, language, caste, education, reform, and politics could be debated (Kamat 2023).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 412
Permanent link to this record2024
Chakravartty's analysis uses this material to show how later Darbhanga elites repeatedly sought to recover symbolically the political authority that colonial law had reduced to zamindari status (Chakravartty 2024).
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 340
Permanent link to this record2025
'Geoarchaeological Perspective on Mesolithic and Neolithic Settlement Pattern and Transition in the Ganga Plain, India.' Quaternary Environments and Humans 3 (2025): 100051.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 667
Permanent link to this record2025
A 2025 Central Institute of Indian Languages publication, while describing Maithili varieties, maps modern Angika to Grierson’s Chhika-Chhiki and treats it within a Maithili varietal framework.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume II · History_Mithila_Vajji_Anga_Volume_II_Cumulative_Part_36_onward_Chapter43_6x9_Hardback · paragraph 639
Permanent link to this record2025
Language academies and institutional capacity in 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly proceedings of 11 March 2025 provide an unusually concrete snapshot of institutional capacity.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 491
Permanent link to this record2025
Records concerning the January 2025 official-language bill and its withdrawal after objections over excluded languages.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 597
Permanent link to this record2025
This is one reason the language dispute of 2025 is more than a technical drafting failure.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 587
Permanent link to this record2026
Public dashboards and the politics of open hydrological data By 2026 Bihar's Water Resources Department and FMISC were publishing current barrage discharges, flood bulletins, and forecasting products online.
A History of Mithila, Vajji & Anga, Volume I · PDF page 559
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